تلخيص البيو ميكانكس

ان شاء الله هنتناول مع طلبه سنه اولى اخواتى تلخيص المناهج بتاعتهم
وهبدأ ان شاء الله بالبيو ميكانكس
وهنتبعها ببقيه المواد
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Biomechanics
Definition:
Kinesiology: the scientific study of human motion
Biomechanics: application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms
Study of biomechanics covers 2 basic areas:
1-kinematics: descriptive analysis
It has 2 types:
Qualitative: (naming & evaluating movement component)
Quantitative: (counting & measuring movement component)
2-kinetics: causal analysis
It has 2 types:
Static: the study of bodies in equilibrium under effect of balanced forces
Dynamic: the study of bodies in movement under effect of unbalanced forces
Forces
Definition:
Any thing can do work - can be defined as physical quantity that tends to change the state of the object - vector quantity because it has magnitude & direction
-it can represented graphically by arrow
-it has 4 characteristics:
1-magnitude (length of the arrow)
2-direction (arrow's head)
3-point of application (tail of the arrow)
4-line of application (the angle of the arrow with the horizontal line)
Types pf forces:
2 main types
1-intrrnal forces:
Forces inside the body
A-muscle force: force produced by muscle contraction
B-ligament and tendon force: forces produced by ligaments
C-joint reaction force: between articular surfaces of a joint
2-external forces:
Forces outside the body acting on it
A-gravitational force: tends to pull body downward
B-ground reaction force: force exerted on body by ground it is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to gravitational force
C-friction: between contact surface
D-pressure: exerted over area of contact between 2 bodies
E-resistance: could be air or water resistance
External forces
1-force of gravity:
The 4 characteristics:
1-direction: downwards
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اللهم احسن خاتمتنا فى الامور كلها
وأجرنا من خزى الدنيا وعذاب الاخره

2-magnitude: equal to body weight

3-point of application: centre of gravity

4-line of application: vertical to the ground (90)

2-ground reaction force:

The 4 characteristics:

1-direction: upwards

2-magnitude: equal to body weight

3-point of application: area contact between body & ground

4-line of application: vertical to the ground (90)

3-frictional force:

The 4 characteristics:

1-direction: opposite to sliding force

2-magnitude: depends on (how 2 surfaces pressed together & coefficient of friction)

3-point of application: surface contact between 2 surfaces

4-line of application: parallel to surface

4-pressure:

P=F/A

P=pressure (Pascal)

F=applied force (N)

A=area over which force is applied (m2)

5-resistance:

Force tends to reduce movement or stop a moving

By increasing the surface area, the resistance increase

Centre of gravity (COG)

Definition:

1-one of the external force that affecting the human body

2-imaginary balancing point

3-body weight can be assumed to be concentrated

4-equally distributed

5-body can rotate freely in all direction

Location of COG:

Anterior to second sacral vertebra in the anatomical position in normal adult person

Factors affecting location of COG in the body:

1-age: in new born: above umbilicus

At 2 years: at the level of umbilicus

At 5 years: below the level of umbilicus

In adult: anterior to second sacral vertebra

2-sex: COG in male is higher than female

In male: upper portion is heavier than upper of female

In female: lower portion is heavier than lower in male

3-position of any segment in relation to total body segment:

The COG shifts towards the heavy mass

4-addition or subtraction of weight:

A-addition: if person carries a weight, the COG will move towards the heavy part of his body

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اللهم احسن خاتمتنا فى الامور كلها
وأجرنا من خزى الدنيا وعذاب الاخره

B-subtraction: in amputation the COG will move towards the healthy part

Artificial limb should be equal to the weight of healthy side

Determination of total body COG:

1-mathematical method:

A-groskey formula:

Female= (total body height x 55.44) / 100

Male= (total body height x 56.1 SORRY

/ 100

b-palmer formula:

Male or female= ((total body height x 55, 7) / 100) + 1.4

2- Laboratory method

In lab

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اللهم احسن خاتمتنا فى الامور كلها
وأجرنا من خزى الدنيا وعذاب الاخره

ده اول قسم وان شاء الله تتوالى الاقسام تباعا
تيتو
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اللهم احسن خاتمتنا فى الامور كلها
وأجرنا من خزى الدنيا وعذاب الاخره

تمام اوى يا احمد مجهود رائع بس كان عندى فكرة افضل

انك تنزل شرح بالعربى كمان لكل توبيك عشان يفهموا

اصل برضه الوضع لسه غريب عليهم والانجليزى مش متعودين عليه
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انا ممكن سااعد فى موضوع الترجمة ده وتتولى انتا التلخيص

ونعمل دويتو رائع ههههههه
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ااااااااااا يا تيتو على مجهودك الرائع
و متهيألي على حكاية الترجمه ...ممكن اللي يقرأ الموضوع يبقى جنبه قاموس طبي و واحد عادي و يتابع بيه يبقى افضل علشان عينه تاخد على الانجليزي و ياخد على الترجمه مش يلاقي كل حاجه جاهزه

و لو الترجمه افضل فخلاص و ممكن نساعد بعض

ربنا يعينك يا احمد ويحفظك
ويجعله فى ميزان حسناتك ان شاء الله
بجد مشكوووووووووووووور جدااااااااااااااااااا
وربنا يزيدك
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اللهم استرنا على وجه الارض وارحمنا فى باطن الارض
واغفر لنا يوم العرض وارزقنا حلالا يكفينا وابعد عنا كل
شئ يؤذينا ولا تحوجنا لطبيب يداوينا

انا بفضل موضوع الترجمة ده يرجع لاولى

ها تحبو نترجم ولا تترجموا انتو وتعتمدوا على نفسكم؟
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الف شكر يا ايو حميد ويااااااااارب يجعله في ميزان حسناتك
انا لسه داخل اولي وده فعلا ها يفيدني كتيررررررررررررررررررر
ورجاء الاهتمام بموضوع الترجمه في الاول بس يا جماعه
وااااااااااتاني يا طلعت
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dr\mostafa khalefa

ان شاء الله بعد اما اخلص
هنزل الترجمه للكلمات الصعبه بالعربى
وبكده كل الناس هتستفيد باذن الله
تيتو
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اللهم احسن خاتمتنا فى الامور كلها
وأجرنا من خزى الدنيا وعذاب الاخره

ربنا يكرمك يا تيتو
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مستقبل كليه العلاج الطبيعى

Internal force

Size and structure of the muscle affect magnitude of force of the muscle

Maximum muscle strength affected by physiological cross section (PCS)

PCS:

1-perpendicular line

2-cut all muscle fibers

3-cut it from its thickest part

4-muscle must be in mid way between complete contraction & stretch

The 4 component of muscle force

1-magnitude of muscle force:

It changes according to PCS

Factors affecting muscular force:

1-arrangment of muscle fibers (shape)

2-width of muscle

3-sex: PCS and muscle fibers in male is bigger than female

4-age: PCS and muscle fibers decreased by aging

Muscle strength: maximum ability of muscle to lift weight for one time

Each Cm2 of muscle can produce from 3-9 (KG) or (N)

Muscular contraction

Definition:

Active shortening of muscle with decrease in distance between 2 muscle attachments

1-concentric contraction:

a-the muscle shortens

B-internal force higher than external force

C-muscle produce (+) work

D-movement occurs against gravity

E-joint moves towards inner range

F-produce lowest magnitude of muscular force

2-eccentric contraction:

a-the muscle lengthens

B-external force higher than internal force

C-muscle produce (-) work

D-movement happened with gravity

E-joint moves towards outer range (slowly)

F-produce highest magnitude of muscular force

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اللهم احسن خاتمتنا فى الامور كلها
وأجرنا من خزى الدنيا وعذاب الاخره

3-isometric contraction:

A-constant length

B-internal force=external force

C-muscle produces mechanical work

D-movement happened against gravity

E-joint movement doesn't change

F-produce intermediate magnitude of muscular force

2- Direction of the muscle force:

Depends on movement manner

3-point of application of muscle force:

Point representing muscular force is insertion

4-line of application of muscle force:

Represented by angle of pull

Angle of pull

Definition:

Angle located between action line of muscle and it's insertion in bone

Stability

Definition:

Ability to maintain balance in both static and dynamic situation without use mechanical devices

Factors affecting stability:

1-centre of gravity height

2-base of support (BOS)

3-relationship between line of gravity and BOS

4-characteristics of supporting surface

5-segmentation principle

6-subject's state

1-centre of gravity height

The lower the COG, the greater will be the body stability

Standing is less stable kneeling as in kneeling the COG height is lower than standing

Standing is more stable than standing on toes

Wearing high heeled shoes decreases body stability because it displaces COG upward

2-BOS:

it is the supporting area under the body include the points of contact with supporting surface and the area between them

these points may be body parts or crutches or other walking aids

effect of BOS:

1-increase in BOS leads to increase in stability

2-increase shape of BOS occurs in direction of force being applied to body

3-increase BOS should be within limit

the step angle

angle between the line of force of the leg and vertical line

3-relationship between line of gravity and BOS:

line of gravity

vertical line that passes through the COG and falls within the BOS

the nearer the line of gravity (LOG) to the centre of BOS, the greater the stability

4-supporting surface:

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اللهم احسن خاتمتنا فى الامور كلها
وأجرنا من خزى الدنيا وعذاب الاخره