محاضرة الهستولوجي التالتة Blood

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يا جماعة دي جزء من محاضرة الهستولوجي الخاصة بblood وإن شاء الله أقدر أكملها في أقرب وقت

Blood

Def:- viscous fluid which flows inside the blood vessels & circulate throwaout every tissue in the body by the pumping action of the Heart.
NB:- It's considered a type of the connecive tissue الأنسجة الواصلة CT, as it's formed inside the bone marrow نخاع العظم & it's cellular element which run in the blood stream is the Plasma.
Volume:- from 3-5 liters in the adult person and form 5-7% of the body weight.
Color:- the thick drop is RED due to the amount of the RBCs, but the normal color of a thin drop is greenish yellow.
Composition:- consists of elements{45% of blood volume} (Red Blood Cells {RBCs}, Weight Blood Cells {WBCs or leukocytes}, Blood Platelletsالصفائح الدموية) suspended in PLASMA{55% of blood volume}.
* The Plasma is consists of water 90%, plasma proteins 7% ( Which are albumin, globulin and fibrinogen), organic sub. 2% ( like amino acids, glucose, lipids, enzymes and nitrogenous compounds) and at last, in-organic salts.
Fun.:- 1- transport of gases from the lungs to the body tissues and carbondioxyd from the tissues to the lungs.
2- protection for the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign bodies.
3- control the body temprature and the acid-base balance.

Red Blood Corpuscles( RBCs):-

* it gives the blood its red color.
* they are developed in the bone marrow as a true cell and berore entering the blood steam, they begin to lose its internal organelles and also the nucleus. The only thing it has is lipoprotein membrane with highly selective to help in gas exchange.
* they are desiened to be a bag for the hemoglobin and its shape helps in gas transfusion ( transfusion of Oxygen & Hydrogen ).
Shape:- LM: in surface view:- they are rounded, non-nucleated, acidophilic with pale center and dark periphery and having the same size.
In side view:- the are bi-concavewhich increase the surface of gas exchange.
NB:- they appear usually one above the other in a Roulleaux Appearance but if the shape of the RBCs changed, it will explode.
EM:- they are only like a bag containing Hb (Hemoglobin) surrounded by cell membrane. they don't contain any living organelles and the He is considered an electron-dence mass due to its iron content.
Color:- if noy stained, it will be greenish yellow ( normal) but the red color is due to the accomulation of the RBCs.
Size:- 6-9 micrometer ( if the size increased called Macrocytic anemia but if the size decreased called microcytic anemia).
Life Spane:- 4 months ( or 120 days).
Number:- usually 5 millions/mm3 in adult male and it decreases in females by 1/2 million/mm3 due to menstruation and female hormons.
Fun.:- 1- carring oxygen and carbondioxyd.
2- can be squeezed in narrow capillaries because the membrane is elastic.
3- its biconcavity increases the surface of gas transfusion between the tissues and the Hb inside the RBCs.

Wight Blood Cells

Color:- colorless.
Origin:- from the bone marrow but some kinds are formed in the lymphaic tissue.
Fun.:- defence & immunity.
Number:- 4,000 - 11,000 cell/mm3.
Types:- 5 types

Granular Leukocytes:
1- Neutrophil
Percentage:- 60-75%
Life Span: very short, about 3-4 days
Daimeter: 10-12 Microm
LM:- its color is light red with segmented nucleus and the cytolasm contain two types of granules:
1- Specific granules:- the most common granules in the cel
2- Azurophilic granules: large, few, stained with Azure stain.
EM:- the nucleus is segmened and there is no nucleolus. and the cytoplasm contains few organelles (like mitochondria, rER & small Golgi) and there is glycogen granules which provide the energy to the cell after they leave the blood steam. the cytoplasm contain wo types of granules :-
1- Primary(azurophilic) granules: few(20%), roundad or oval, large containing hydrolytic enzymes as acid hydrolase and myeloperoxidase. Both correspond to primary lisosomes.
2- Secondary ( specific ) granules:- smaller, elongated, pale and they are about 80% of the overall granules in the cell containing phagocytin & Lactoferrin & collagenase.
Fun.:- 1- Phagocytosis of any foreigninvaders.
2- secretion of proteolytic enzymes.
3- protection of pus.
4- Attraction of monocytes to the site of infection.
5- secretion of trephone which helps in wound healing.
6- Stimulae the bone marrow to produce more neutrophil during the infection.
Neutrophilia:- increase the number of the nutriphil more than 75% and occurs only in case of acute inflammation,
Neutropenia:- decrease the number of the neutrophil less than 60% and occurs in case of damage or depression of the bone marrow.

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